Contents

  1. Introduction

  2. I. Chapter 1: Introduction to the Oceans

    1. 1. 1.1 Overview of the Oceans

    2. 2. 1.2 Continental Margins

    3. 3. 1.3 Marine Provinces

    4. 4. 1.4 Mapping the Seafloor

    5. 5. 1.5 Structure of Earth

    6. 6. 1.6 Determining the Structure of Earth

  3. II. Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics and Marine Geology

    1. 7. 2.1 Alfred Wegener and the Theory of Plate Tectonics

    2. 8. 2.2 Paleomagnetic Evidence for Plate Tectonics

    3. 9. 2.3 Mechanisms for Plate Motion

    4. 10. 2.4 Plates and Plate Motions

    5. 11. 2.5 Divergent Plate Boundaries

    6. 12. 2.6 Convergent Plate Boundaries

    7. 13. 2.7 Transform Plate Boundaries

    8. 14. 2.8 Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics

    9. 15. 2.9 Seamounts and Hot Spots

    10. 16. 2.10 Coral Reefs

    11. 17. 2.11 Hydrothermal Vents

  4. III. Chapter 3: Waves and Tides

    1. 18. 3.1 Wave Basics

    2. 19. 3.2 Waves at Sea

    3. 20. 3.3 Waves on the Shore

    4. 21. 3.4 Tsunamis

    5. 22. 3.5 Tidal Forces

    6. 23. 3.6 Dynamic Theory of Tides

    7. 24. 3.7 Tide Classification

  5. IV. Chapter 4: Coastal Oceanography

    1. 25. 4.1 Beaches

    2. 26. 4.2 Longshore Transport

    3. 27. 4.3 Landforms of Coastal Erosion

    4. 28. 4.4 Landforms of Coastal Deposition

    5. 29. 4.5 Human Interference with Shorelines

    6. 30. 4.6 Estuaries

    7. 31. 4.7 Sea Level Change

  6. V. Chapter 5: Chemical Oceanography and Properties of Water

    1. 32. 5.1 Properties of Water

    2. 33. 5.2 Origin of the Oceans

    3. 34. 5.3 Salinity Patterns

    4. 35. 5.4 Dissolved Gases: Oxygen

    5. 36. 5.5 Dissolved Gases: Carbon Dioxide, pH, and Ocean Acidification

    6. 37. 5.6 Temperature

    7. 38. 5.7 Density

    8. 39. 5.8 Sound

    9. 40. 5.9 Light

  7. VI. Chapter 6: Oceans and Climate

    1. 41. 6.1 Earth’s Heat Budget

    2. 42. 6.2 Winds and the Coriolis Effect

    3. 43. 6.3 Winds and Climate

    4. 44. 6.4 Hurricanes

    5. 45. 6.5 Climate Change

  8. VII. Chapter 7: Ocean Circulation

    1. 46. 7.1 Surface Gyres

    2. 47. 7.2 The Gulf Stream

    3. 48. 7.3 The Ekman Spiral and Geostrophic Flow

    4. 49. 7.4 Western Intensification

    5. 50. 7.5 Currents, Upwelling and Downwelling

    6. 51. 7.6 El Niño and La Niña

    7. 52. 7.7 Thermohaline Circulation

  9. VIII. Chapter 8: Nutrients and Primary Productivity

    1. 53. 8.1 Primary Production

    2. 54. 8.2 The Producers

    3. 55. 8.3 Factors Influencing Production

    4. 56. 8.4 Patterns of Primary Production

    5. 57. 8.5 Nitrogen and Nutrients

    6. 58. 8.6: Eutrophication

    7. 59. 8.7 Food Chains and Food Webs

  10. IX. Chapter 9: Marine Life and Invertebrates

    1. 60. 9.1 Explaining the Diversity of Life

    2. 61. 9.2 Phylum Porifera

    3. 62. 9.3 Phylum Cnidaria

    4. 63. 9.4 Phylum Annelida

    5. 64. 9.5 Phylum Arthropoda

    6. 65. 9.6 Phylum Mollusca

    7. 66. 9.7 Phylum Echinodermata

  11. X. Chapter 10: Marine Vertebrates

    1. 67. 10.1 Ichthyology (Fish)

    2. 68. 10.2 More on Fish

    3. 69. 10.3 Marine Reptiles

    4. 70. 10.4 Marine Birds

    5. 71. 10.5 Marine Mammals: Whales

    6. 72. 10.6 Marine Mammals: Seals, Sea Lions, Walruses, Sea Otters, and Manatees

  12. XI. Chapter 11: Marine Biomes

    1. 73. 11.1 Zones of Marine Environments

    2. 74. 11.2 Coral Reef Ecosystems

    3. 75. 11.3 Arctic Ecosystems

    4. 76. 11.4 Deep Sea

    5. 77. 11.5 Kelp Forest Ecosystems

    6. 78. 11.6 Mangrove Ecosystems

    7. 79. 11.7 Rocky Intertidal Zones

    8. 80. 11.8 Sandy / Mudflat

    9. 81. 11.9 Antarctic Ecosystems

  13. XII. Chapter 12: Marine Resources and Pollution

    1. 82. 12.1 Petroleum (Oil and Gas) Resources in the Marine Environment

    2. 83. 12.2 Sand and Gravel Resources

    3. 84. 12.3 Mineral Resources

    4. 85. 12.4 Biological Resources

    5. 86. 12.5 Coastal Land Resources and Dredging

    6. 87. 12.6 Marine Pollution

    7. 88. 12.7 Impact of Large Petroleum-Related Disasters

    8. 89. 12.8 Solid Waste and Sewage

    9. 90. 12.9 Heavy Metals and Toxic Compounds

    10. 91. 12.10 Synthetic Organic Chemicals and Medical Wastes

    11. 92. 12.11 Protecting the Marine Environment

  14. Glossary